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Visual milestones





By Dr. Madhu Karna



Visual Milestones- From Newborn to Elderly (Health for All Eyes)





Visual Milestones in young children


At birth –

  • Infant will blink in response to bright light
  • Able to stare at object if held 8-10 inches away
  • Initially fixes eyes on a face, then begins to follow a moving object

1 month –

  • Can follow an object upto 90 degrees
  • Tears begin to form

2 to 3 months –

  • Looks at hands

4 to 5 months –

  • Beginning to reach hands to objects, may bat at hanging objects

5 to 7 months –

  • Has full color vision, able to see at longer distances

7 to 11 months –

  • Can stare at small objects
  • Begins to have depth perception


11 to 12 months -

  • Can watch objects that are moving fast

12 to 14 months –

  • Able to place shapes in proper holes

18 to 24 months –

  • Scribbles with crayon/pencil, may imitate drawing straight line /circle
  • Can point to body parts when asked

36 to 48 months –

  • Can copy shapes

48 to 72 months –

  • Recognizes and recites the alphabet
  • Has complete depth perception


Changes of Refraction with Age

  1. First 6 months- Myopia
  2. At 6 months- Emmetropia
  3. Hyperopia increases upto 7 years of age
  4. Hyperopia decreases after 7 years gradually upto 10 years of age
  5. Myopia starts at any age, is progressive upto 18 years of age, thereafter LASIK can be done if power is stable for 1 year.
  6. Astigmatism becomes stable after 2 years of age it needs to be checked at puberty for any change
  7. At 40 years, presbyopia (Reading glass power) starts and progresses from +1.00 to +3.00 DS usually by 60 years of age


Alignment

  1. First 4 months- Exophoria
  2. At 4 months- Orthophoria
  3. Visual impairment leads to Esotropia in children less than 5 years and Exotropia in children more than 5 years.
  4. Intermittent Esotropia and Exotropia become constant if refractive error is not corrected


Risk of Eye Disorder

  • At 1 month – 6/120
  • 2 months- 6/60
  • 6 months – 6/30
  • 1-2 years – 6/9
  • 6 years – 6/6


  • If you are a regular Computer User at any age, you are prone to dry eyes
  • Above 40 years of age, Dry Eyes tend to manifest
  • Development of Senile Cataract – from 45 to 50 years of age
  • Age Related Macular Degeneration- after 50 years of age
  • Glaucoma -
    • Narrow angle –More in women with Hyperopia in 40-50 age group
    • Open angle - More than 40 years of age
  • Diabetic Retinopathy –
    • In non insulin dependant mature diabetics, risk increases after more than 10 years of diabetes
    • In Insulin dependant juvenile diabetics, more than 5 years of diabetes increases the risk of Diabetic Retinopathy


Frequency of Eye Examination





Age

  1. In the first year-
  • At 1 month
  • At 4 months
  • At 6 months
  • At 1 year

2. Every year for any existing

refractive error or eye disorder

3. Every alternate year for others

4. Contact lens users should check for hypoxia, allergic reactions and dryness once a year.

5. If you have a family history of refractive errors, glaucoma, squint, diabetes, multiple sclerosis or retinal detachment, get yearly eye examinations


Eye Health Tip:

Take antioxidants in your diet: Honey, Fish, Broccoli, Walnut, Yogurt, Oranges, Dates, Oats, Soyabeans


Best Eye Exercise:

Yoga Exercises for eye movements and focusing.





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